disclaimer: this post contains zero euphemisms.
You most probably know that matter is made of atoms, which were thought to be indivisible. You probably know that this is not true — we now know that an atom has a nucleus, which is made of proton(s) and neutron(s), orbited by electron(s). You’ve heard of electrons, right? They’re from the lepton family, which includes muons and neutrinos. These are thought to be fundamental indivisible units of matter. Hadrons (protons, neutrons, etc.) on the other hand, are made of quarks (of which there are six: up, down, top, bottom, and the amusingly named charm and strange.) We, collectively and individually, do not know whether this is the end of the story, or whether there’s more to it. (If you’re a betting man, go for the “more” option.)
One of the big questions (besides whether these particles are essentially fundamental or whether they are composed of other more fundamental units) is why these particles have mass at all, let alone the actual observed masses they have. This, and other really interesting questions could possibly be answered in your lifetime (even if you only have a few years to live) thanks to a huge project ($8 billion) that is set to go online soon — the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) of the European Organization for Nuclear Research, CERN.
There’s been some good reporting on the LHC, including this documentary (49 mins.), and a really good article a couple of weeks ago in the NewYorker (accompanied with a decent slideshow), which I would suggest you start with. I like this quote from CERN’s chief scientific officer, Jos Engelen, addressing concerns that the experiment might create tiny blackholes that would destroy earth:
Among Engelen’s responsibilities is dealing with the frequent calls and letters CERN receives about the possibility that the Large Hadron Collider will destroy the world. When I asked about this, Engelen picked up a Bic pen and placed it in front of me.
“In quantum mechanics, there is a probability that this pen will fall through the table,” he said. “All of a sudden, it will be on the floor. Because it can behave as a wave, it can go through; we call that the ‘tunnel effect.’ If you calculate the probability that this happens, it is not identical to zero. It is a very small probability. But it never happens. I’ve never seen it happen. You have never seen it happen. But to the general public you make a casual remark, ‘It is not identical to zero, it is very small,’ and . . . ” He shrugged.